Shopping

Shopping is the purchase of goods and services.

Health benefits
Shopping can actually be good for your health. Walking around stores, malls, or outlets can burn calories. Walking around a mall all day is pretty much the same as walking on a treadmill at the gym all day. However, it should not be considered a sport or as a major form of exercise as it could lead to the buying of products that aren't really necessary, or if irrational decisions are constantly made, compulsive shopping.

Retail pricing
The pricing technique used by most retailers is cost-plus pricing. This involves adding a markup amount (or percentage) to the retailers cost. Another common technique is manufacturers suggested list pricing. This simply involves charging the amount suggested by the manufacturer and usually printed on the product by the manufacturer.

In Western countries, retail prices are often so-called psychological prices or odd prices: a little less than a round number, e.g. $ 6.95. In Chinese societies, prices are generally either a round number or sometimes some lucky number. This creates price points.

Often prices are fixed and displayed on signs or labels. Alternatively, there can be price discrimination for a variety of reasons. The retailer charges higher prices to some customers and lower prices to others. For example, a customer may have to pay more if the seller determines that he or she is willing to. The retailer may conclude this due to the customer's wealth, carelessness, lack of knowledge, or eagerness to buy. Price discrimination can lead to a bargaining situation often called haggling — a negotiation about the price. Economists see this as determining how the transaction's total surplus will be divided into consumer and producer surplus. Neither party has a clear advantage, because the threat of no sale exists, whence the surplus vanishes for both.

Kinds of shops
Shops are divided into multiple categories of stores which sell a selected set of goods or services.

Many shops are part of a chain: a number of similar shops with the same name selling the same products in different locations. The shops may be owned by one company, or there may be a franchising company that has franchising agreements with the shop owners (see also restaurant chain).

Some shops sell second-hand goods. Often the public can also sell goods to such shops. In other cases, especially in the case of a nonprofit shop, the public donates goods to the shop to be sold (see also thrift store). In give-away shops goods can be taken for free.

Online Shopping

Online shopping is the process consumers go through to purchase products or services over the internet. An online shop, Internet shop, webshop or online store evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services at a bricks-and-mortar retailer or in a shopping mall. It is an electronic commerce application used for B2B or B2C. Online shopping is popular mainly because of its speed and ease of use. Some issues of concern can include fluctuating exchange rates for foreign currencies, local and international laws and delivery methods.

Price comparison
An advantage of shopping online is being able to use the power of the internet to seek out the lowest prices for items or services. For example if you are buying a digital camera you should enter "digital camera" into a search engine or a price search engine. Most price search engines have the advantage of store ratings and reviews. Getting the lowest price is important but it is more important to make sure the merchant or store you are purchasing from is reputable.

Steps when buying online
Browse product categories using a web browser
Put items into virtual shopping cart (or market basket).
Just as in a physical store viewing the contents of the cart can be done at any time.
Quantities of products can be changed or deleted.
Checkout
Log in or register by choosing a username and a password.
Enter personal data.
Billing address
Shipping address (can be different from the billing address)
Phone number
E-Mail address (usually optional)
Choose means of payment
Choose delivery speed and method (post, courier and logistics service, etc.)
Confirm order
After editing the personal data a confirmation page is displayed so that the online shopper can approve, change or abort the order.
Logout
In addition to a shopping cart system a recurring user could be recognized again by storing a "Cookie" on his computer. That way he can purchase an item by just clicking on it without having to login and enter the credit and shipping information again. Amazon.com was granted the United States Patent Number 5,960,411 for this method - the famous Amazon "One-Click Patent".

Means of payment
Online shoppers commonly use their Credit card for making payments, however some systems enable users to create accounts and pay by alternative means, such as

Debit card
All kinds of Electronic money, Ecash (or digital money)
Cash on delivery (C.O.D.)
Cheque
Money transfer / delivery on payment
Postal money order
Once a payment has been accepted the goods or services can either be downloaded from the internet or delivered to the consumer via traditional means.

Security issues
User and payment data is encrypted by SSL when it is transferred on the Internet.
Quality seals can be placed on the Shop webpage if it has undergone an independent assessment and meets all requirements of the company issuing the seal. The purpose of these seals is to increase the confidence of the online shoppers; the existence of many different seals foils this effort to a certain extent.
Privacy of personal information is a big issue. In spite of Privacy Guidelines of the OECD, for example, privacy violations still occur and hamper eCommerce from developing to its full potential.

Setting up a shopping cart system
Simple systems allow the offline administration of products and categories. The shop is then generated as HTML files and graphics that can be uploaded to a webspace. These systems don't use an online database.
A high end solution can be bought or rented as a standalone program or as an addition to an ERP program. It is usually installed on the company's own webserver and may integrate very well into the existing supply chain so that ordering, payment, delivery, accounting and warehousing can be automated to a large extent.
Other solutions allow the user to register and create an online shop on a portal that hosts multiple shops at the same time.
Open Source solutions can be adapted and installed on a webspace.
There are also commercial systems that can be tailored to ones needs so that the shop does not have to be created from scratch. By using a framework already existing, software modules for different functionalities required by a webshop can be adapted and combined.

History
1990: Tim Berners-Lee wrote "The WorldWideWeb browser" using a NeXT computer.
1994: Netscape released the Navigator browser in October under the code name Mozilla. Pizza Hut offered pizza ordering on its Web page. The first online bank opened. Attempts to offer flower delivery and magazine subscriptions online. "Adult" materials were also commercially available very soon. Netscape 1.0 in late 1994 introduced SSL encryption that made transactions secure.
1995: Jeff Bezos launched Amazon.com and the first commercial 24 hr. internet only radio station "Radio HK" started broadcasting. Dell and Cisco began to aggressively use Internet for commercial transactions.
1996: eBay was founded.
1998: Electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web.
1999: business.com was sold for US $7.5 million (purchased 1997 for US $150,000) The peer-to-peer filesharing software "Napster" was launched.
1999: The UK's first graphical Internet shopping mall (The Virtual Mall) was launched.
2000: The dot-com bust.
2001: Merger of AOL and Time Warner.
2003: Amazon.com: first-ever full-year profit.